Carolina Wasinger
Ms. Bowser
Chemistry
3/6/2016

Can I have change for that?

Purpose: To look and study examples of physical and chemical changes and how these changes relate to the mass of the reactants and products. 

Hypothesis: 

1. Equation: NaCl (s) ->NaCl (aq)  

                         Hypothesis: The mass  will be the same before and after combining (because of conservation of mass) the H2O and NaCl (s) to form NaCl (aq)  

    

     2. Equation: Na2CO3 (aq) + CaCl2 (aq)  ->  2NaCl(aq) + CaCO3 (s)

                          Hypothesis: The mass of the products and reactants in this experiment will be the same (due to the law of conservation of mass)

   3. Equation:  Na2CO3 (aq) + 2C2H4O (aq) -> 2NaC2H3O2 (aq) +  H2O (l) +  CO2 (g)

                         Hypothesis: The mass in this experiment will decrease after the reactants are combined; because a gas will form (CO2 (g)) which will escape the beaker therefore decreasing the total mass of the combined products. 

Procedure: 

For each of the three equations, weigh the mass of the reactants before and after combining. Measure reactants as instructed for each of the equations. Be sure to measure both masses with both containers on the scale. 

                                                                                         (Martyn F. Chillmaid)

Equation 1:  1 gram of  NaCl (s) and 20 mL of water (H2O) in separate containers. 

Equation 2:  20 mL of  Na2CO3 (aq) and 20 mL CaCl2 (aq)  in separate containers.  

Equation 3:  20 mL of  Na2CO3 (aq) and 20 mL of  C2H4O2 (aq) in separate containers. 

Safety: 

NaCl irratent to eye, skin and if ingested or inhaled (Material Safety Data Sheet: Sodium Chloride MSDS)

H2O, Non-corrosive, non-irratant, non permeator for skin. (Material Safety Data Sheet. Water MSDS.)

Na2CO3 (aq), irratint to eyes and skin. Can cause lung irritation and blindness. severity of skin corrosion depends upon length of time substance on skin. ( Material Safety Data Sheet: Sodium carbonate monohydrate MSDS) 

 CaCl2 (aq), irratant to skin, eyes, and if ingested or inhaled. Can permeate skin and harmful ( Material Safety Data Sheet: Calcium chloride anhydrous MSDS). 

 C2H4O2 (aq), irratint to skin, eyes and if ingested or inhaled. Permeates skin (Material Safety Data Sheet: Methyl Formate MSDS)

Materials: 

• Balance
• Transparent plastic cups
• water
• NaCl (s), 1 g
• 1.0 M Na2CO3 (aq) 40 mL
• 1.0 M CaCl2 (aq)
• Acetic Acid, C2H4O2, 20 mL
• Graduated Cylinder

Background

The Law of Conservation of Mass states that matter can be changed from one form to another without the mass of the matter fluctuating. At the micro level, this means that no single atoms are gained or lost (excluding error) during the experiment. For the macro level, we can weigh the amount of mass in matter before and after the experiment to prove this law (The Law of Conservation of Mass.)

Data:

Reaction #1

Reactants/Products:   Chemical Name                Description                  Mass before      Mass after

____________________________________________________________________________

NaCl(S)                  Sodium Chloride                             Light colored powder      23.45

H2O                        Water                                               Clear liquid             

____________________________________________________________________________           

NaCl (aq)              Sodium Chloride (aq)                     Cloudy in the water                                  23.425

____________________________________________________________________________

Reaction #2

Reactants/Products:   Chemical Name                Description                         Mass before      Mass after

_________________________________________________________________________________

Na2CO3(aq)            Sodium Carbonate (aq)            Watery substance          45.70 

CaCl2 (aq)               Calcium Chloride                      Watery and pale _________________________________________________________________________________

CaCO3 (s)              Calcium Carbonate                     Powder in cloudy water                       45.673

NaCl (aq)               Sodium Carbonate                      Watery 

Reaction #3 

Reactants/Products:   Chemical Name                Description                         Mass before      Mass after

_________________________________________________________________________________

Na2CO3 (aq)          Sodium Carbonate               Thin/ watery                       41.7

C2H4O2 (ag)         Vinegar                                 Clear, liquid 

_________________________________________________________________________________

NaC2H3O2 (aq)     Sodium Carbonate                Clear liquid                                                   40.1

CO2 (g)                   Carbon dioxide                    Clear gas                              

_________________________________________________________________________________  

Calculations:

In reaction #3)    41.7- 40.1= 1.6

1.6 mL of gas escaped during the 3rd experiment. 

Percent Error

Reaction # 1      =  .09 %

Reaction #2       =  .044%

Reaction #3       =   3.84%

Discussion of Error

The error in this lab was due to the swishing method in which the products were combined using a method of swishing the tubes to insure proper combination of the compounds. This method perhaps led to stray drops falling from the test tube; thus, a decrease in the compounds overall mass. In experiment #3, the reason for such a large percent error was really not an error; rather, the gas that was formed in the container during the reaction escaped the container thus decreasing the overall final mass. 

Questions:

5) SO3 (g) + H2O (l) -> H2SO4 (aq)

H2SO4 could be ingested or absorbed through the skin. 

6) 2Li + 2HCl -> H2 + 2LiCL (aq) + H2 (g)

2LiCl could be absorbed through the skin or be ingested. H2 could be inhaled. 

7) AgNO3 (aq) + NaOH (aq) -> NaNO3 (aq) + AgOH (aq) 

Could be ingested or absorbed through the skin. 

Conclusion:

The hypothesis of this lab was correct in all the predictions of the masses of the three reactions before and after the experiment. The purpose of this lab was fulfilled in that the class studied physical and chemical changes and related these changes to mass.

Citations:

Martyn F. Chillmaid. Science Photo Library. http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/4621/view

Sciencelab.com. Chemicals and laboratory equipment. (5/21/2013). Material Safety Data Sheet: Sodium Chloride MSDS. Retrieved from:  http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927593

Sciencelab.com. Chemicals and laboratory equipment. (5/21/2013). Material Safety Data Sheet: Water MSDS. Retrieved from http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927321

Sciencelab.com. Chemicals and laboratory equipment. (5/21/2013). Material Safety Data Sheet: Sodium carbonate monohydrate MSDS. Retrieved from: http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927591

Sciencelab.com. Chemicals and laboratory equipment. (5/21/2013). Material Safety Data Sheet: Calcium chloride anhydrous MSDS. http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9923251

Sciencelab.com. Chemicals and laboratory equipment. (5/21/2013). Material Safety Data Sheet: Methyl Formate MSDS.  http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9926061

The Law of Conservation of Mass. http://www.chem.wisc.edu/deptfiles/genchem/sstutorial/Text1/Tx14/tx14.html

Carolina Wasinger
Ms. Bowser
Chemistry
January 24, 2016

I am in high school, I don't have any degrees

Purpose: To use a thermometer, learn how it works, and observe how changes in temperature effect the thermometer. 

Materials: 

Part I: 

• Small glass vial
• (3) 250 mL beakers
• Hot plate
• Ice 
• Ice water
• Salt
• Small metric ruler
• Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) (25 mL in each thermometer
• Rubber Septum or rubber stopper
• Plastic straw
• test tube holder, wire
• Permanent marker

Part II:

• 250 mL beakers (3)
• Ice
• Test tube holder, wire
• Hot plate
• 10 mL graduated cylinder

Safety: 

Hot Plate: Be sure when using the hot plate (to boil water) to not directly touch the heated surface of the hot plate as burns may result. 

Ethylene Glycol (Antifreeze)( HOCH2CH2OH): Being exposed to this substance for large amounts of time can result in death. Can be harmful/ irritating to skin and eyes and permeate. Hazardous for inhalation (Material Safety Data Sheet). 

Background: 

The Thermometer is used to measure temperature and there two commonly used units of measurement: Celsius and Fahrenheit. Celsius units were invited by  Anders Celsius, an astronomer (The Physics Classroom). On the Celsius scale, Water boils at 100 degrees and freezes at 0 degrees. Physicist Daniel Fahrenheit invented the other commonly used unit of measurement for temperature, degrees Fahrenheit (The Physics Classroom). In degrees Fahrenheit, water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 212 degrees.

For creating a scale for a thermometer, pick a number for a certain temperature (i.e. 6 degrees for water freezing and 103 degrees for water boiling).

Typically, a thermometer consists of a liquid inside of a clear tube. As temperatures rise, so does the liquid inside the thermometer and when the temperature falls, the height of the liquid inside the tube falls as well (Mary Bellis). This occurs because when higher temperatures occur, the molecules become farther apart and the only way to create more room for the molecules to move about is by increasing volume and to do that, the liquid must expand upwards (How Things Work). When the temperature falls, the molecules come closer together (How Things Work). 

Questions from 3.4

1. The rising and falling of the Ethylene glycol in the tube. 
2. The temperature change. The density is changing and the volume . The higher temperatures forces the liquid in the tube to expand and travel upwards in the tube.

     3.   A)For boiling water, 212 degrees Fahrenheit is equal to 237.44 degrees Wasinger. For ice water, 32 degrees Fahrenheit is equal to 35.84 Wasinger. I chose these numbers because I wanted an even more exact measurement of temperature than Fahrenheit, so even smaller degrees.

           B) The room temperature is 82.8 degrees Wasinger or 69 degrees Fahrenheit. To convert Fahrenheit to Wasinger: Multiply the degrees in Fahrenheit by 1.2.

Procedure:

Part I:

• Put the thermometer in the varying heat conditions (there are five total heat tests for the thermometer) and record where the thermometers' liquid stops climbing by marking it with a permanent marker. 
• Measure the temperature with the thermometer at room temperature, when it is placed in a hand (body temperature), when it is placed in boiling water, when it is placed in ice water, and when it is placed in a mixture of ice water and salt. 

Part II:

• Fill a 250 mL beaker with 200 mL of water. The water should be heated to 80 Degrees Celsius. In another 250 mL beaker, put in room temperature water. Put ice into the last beaker. 
• Use the test tube clamp to place the 10 mL graduated cylinder into the hot water beaker with the opening of the test tube almost touching the bottom of the beaker. Record what you observe. 
• Remove the 10 mL graduated cylinder from the hot water and place it into the room temperature water following the same method as used with the hot water. Record observations.
• Add the ice from the third beaker into the room temperature water using the same method used for the previous two beakers. Write down any observations.

Analysis:

• Changes were observed during the lab due entirely to the change in temperature at each of the individual stations in part I. In part II, the changes were due to the varying temperatures of the water tested. 

Discussion of error, In this lab, there was no error between the conversions from Degrees Wasinger to Fahreinheit, Celsius and Kelvins. 

Conclusion: 

In conclusion, the results for this lab are as follows:

Part I:

Condition                                                            Centimeters                               Degrees Wasinger

Salt Ice Water(general chemistry online)            7.5                                              12                

Ice Water                                                              9                                                 36

Room Temp                                                         11.9                                            83

Body Temp                                                          14                                               117.3

Boiling Temp                                                       32                                               237

Part II:

Hot Beaker: Condensation, steam bubbles

Room Temperature beaker:  Nothing occurred

Iced beaker: Bubble inside graduated cylinder

• The temperature for the conditions tested were as to be expected. However, part II of the lab had differently anticipated results. A huge bubble formed inside the graduated cylinder in the last test with the ice water. 

Questions: 

Citations: 

General Chemistry Online. Why isn't the lowest possible temperature for salt/ice/water mixture 0?. (n.d). Retrieved from: http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/solutions/faq/zero-fahrenheit.shtml

How Things Work. How does the thermometer work. (n.d.). Retrieved from:http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/how_it_works/thermometer.html

Mary Bellis. The history of the thermometer. Retrieved from: http://dwb4.unl.edu/chem/chem869m/chem869mlinks/inventors.about.com/science/inventors/library/inventors/blthermometer.htm

Material Safety Data Sheet. Ethylene glycol MSDS. In: Sciencelabchemicals.com. Chemicals and laboratory equipment. Retrieved from: http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9927167

Purdue Owl. Joshua M. Paiz, Elizabeth Angeli, Jodi Wagner, Elena Lawrick, Kristen Moore, Michael Anderson, Lars Soderlund, Allen Brizee, Russell Keck.  2015-03-27 01:19:35. Retrieved from: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/10/

The Physics Classroom. Temperatures and Thermometers. (n.d.) Retrieved from:http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/thermalP/Lesson-1/Temperature-and-Thermometers

             

  

Carolina Wasinger
Chemistry I
12-9-2015
Ms. Bowser
With Partner: Sophie Horn


Purpose:
To discover which liquids are attracted to a negatively charged wand; from this, determine which molecules are polar and nonpolar. Also to observe the property of cohesion in each of the liquids through an experiment involving placing droplets of the substances on waxed paper.

Materials:

• Glass wand
• Cheese cloth
• Beaker
• Syringe (to create the stream)
• Water
• Isopropanol
• Hexane
• Acetic Acid
• Waxed paper. 
• Pipette. 

Procedure:

• For each liquid, pour the respective liquid in a steady stream and hold a charged wand (charge by rubbing a glass wand with a cloth.) next to the running stream, 
• Observe whether or not the stream bends/ is attracted towards the wand. 
• Next, use a pipette to drop droplets of the liquids onto a piece of waxed paper and observe the shape the liquid takes (or does not).

Background:

A polar molecule is a molecule whose atoms contain different electronegativity values and therefore attract additional electrons (Stacy). Nonpolar molecules contain atoms of equal or very similar electronegativity values (Stacy). Polar molecules tend to mix easily with water and have cohesive properties (Bowser). Cohesive properties means the molecules stick together in order to create surface tension; which is what creates perfectly round drops for molecules like water and acetic acid.

Data:

Compound	Effects of Charged Wand	Behavior on Waxed Paper
Water	Attracts	Round drop
Acetic Acid	Attracts	Round drop
Isopropanol	Attracts	Spreads thinly
Hexane	Does not Attract	Spreads thinly

Analysis:

Water Molecule:

Acetic Acid

Isopropanol Molecule.

Hexane Molecule:

Conclusion:

This lab demonstrated the properties of polar and nonpolar molecules as evidenced in the liquids reaction to the charged wand and wax paper.
Water, Acetic Acid and Isopropanol were all polar.
The only nonpolar molecule was Hexane.

Discussion of error:

In this lab error occurred for mainly the reason that there was not a sure way of determining if the wand was properly charged.



Citations:
Water molecule, http://blog.science-matters.org/2012/04/10/drawing-lewis-structures/

Acetic Acid molecule, http://chemistry.about.com/od/factsstructures/ig/Chemical-Structures---E/Ethanoic-Acid---Acetic-Acid.htm

Isopropanol Moecule, ww.123rf.com/photo_30181595_stock-vector-structural-chemical-formula-of-isopropanol-molecule-2d-and-3d-illustration-isolated-on-white-backgro.html.

Hexane Molecule, 

http://www.edinformatics.com/interactive_molecules/3D/cyclohexane_molecule.htm.

Attractive Molecules. Attractions between molecules. Lesson 15 lab packet. Handed out by: Lindsey Bowser. December 10 2015. Chemistry 1. Period A Foxcroft School, Middleburg VA.

Bowser. (2015). Attractive Molecules: Attractions between molecules.  [Lab worksheet]. Chemistry. Foxcroft School. Middleburg, VA.

Stacy. Angelica. M. (2011). Chapter 2, section 15. Ladie Malek, Jeffrey Dowling. Living by Chemistry (168-171). Emeryville, CA. Key Curriculum Press.

Ester Synthesis Lab

Carolina Wasinger
Chemistry
Ms. Bowser.
12/2/2015
Partner: Sophie Horn

Purpose:

To create different smells within a lab experiment transforming different smells into Esters and sweet smelling compounds. 

Procedure :

1. Fill 50 mL beaker with 30 mL of water 
2. Drop into the beaker, a boiling stone 
3. Put the beaker on a hot plate and bring water to a boil
4. Label test tubes with the following numbers: 1, 2 and 3
5. Using the wafting technique, smell the acids and record in a data table. Add 5 drops of the respective carboxylic acids to each of the test tubes 
6. Again, using the wafting technique, smell the alcohols and record in the data table (Bowser lesson 7). Add ten drops of each alcohol to to each tube (look in the following table)

Test tube:             Carboxylic Acid                Alcohol

1                             acetic acid                       isopentanol

2                             acetic acid                       butanol

3                             butyric acid                     ethanol

1. Add 1 drop of the sulfiric acid (H2SO4) to each test tube
2. Place a boiling stone into each test tube
3. Carefully smell each compound by using the wafting technique
4. Slice a plastic pipette to a length that is shorter than that of the test tube. Put the pipette into the test tube so that the bulb somewhat seals off the test tube
5. Put the test tubes into boiling water n heat for 5 minutes, or until the compund no longer smells putrid
6. After, remove the test  tubes from the water and turn off the hot plate
7. Take the pipette out from the test tube. There should only be vapors in it
8. squeeze the pipette and waft the vapors, Record the smell on the data sheet
9. Dispose properly of chemicals (Bowser, Lesson 7)

Materials:

• 50 mL beaker
• Hot plate
• 3 microscale test tubes
• Boiling stones
• 3 plastic pipettes
• scissors 
• pencil 
• organic acids and alcohols
• Acetic Acid C₂H₄O₂
• Butyric Acid  C₄H₈O₂
• Concentrated Sulfiic Acid  H₂O₄S
• Ethanol C₂H₆O
• Isopentanol  C₅H₁₂O
• Butanol C₄H₁₀O

(Bowser, lesson 7)

Safety:

Hot Plate; Hot plate can burn. Do not  directly touch the heated surface of the hot plate and use tongs to move items on and off the hot plate (Common knowledge). 

Boiling Stones: Hazardous if swallowed or if comes in contact with eyes in powder form. (Material Data Safety Sheet). 

Acetic Acid, can be erosive to the skin. Keep out of eyes and off skin and clothing (CDC). 

Butyric Acid, Is corrosive to skin, combustible and flammable. Keep away from open flames (CDC). 

Sulfuric Acid. Is corrosive to skin and can cause burns to skin (CDC). 

Ethanol: Can be hazardous id swallowed or if comes into contact with eyes and skin (CDC). 


DATA:

Test Tube #	Smell of Carboxylic Acid	Smell of alcohol	Smell of mixture before heating	Smell of mixture after heating
1	Vinegar	Medicinal	Cherry flavored medicinal syrup	Sweet, fruity
2	Vinegar	Sharpie	Chemically	Slightly like gasoline
3	Putrid	Rubbing alcohol	Putrid	Cherry, sweet fruity medicinal.

After 1 minute: the liquid at the bottom of the test tubes turned yellow (because there is a chemical change that is happening). After, the contents turned to a light pink color.

Background: 

The word Synthesis in this experiment means bringing together specific compounds through a controlled experiment (Bowser lesson 7). 

The sweet-smelling molecules known as Esters have a key structure piece in all of them: A Oxygen atom linking to Carbon atoms one of which is double bonded with another Oxygen atom (Stacy). 

Carboxylic Acids are putrid smelling molecules (Stacy). The key piece in a the structure of a carboxylic acid is an Oxygen atom singly bonded with a hydrogen, and on the other side, a carbon atom. The carbon atom is doubly bonded with a separate Oxygen atom (Stacy). 

Alcohols often smell very strongly medicinal (Stacy). A key part of an alcohols structural formula is a hydrogen singly bonded with an Oxygen atom (Stacy). 

A catalysts role in an experiment is to help the reaction to take place or speed it along (Stacy). Catalysts are not consumed into the reaction (Stacy). 

Analysis:

       From the questions of lesson 8 we analysed the chemical reaction that occurred in the lab. None of the mixtures smelt sweet in the beginning of the lab but rather putrid or strongly medicinal, in the end, all of the compounds should have smelled sweet. 

      In the final molecule, the Ester functional group was present in all three of the compounds. To build new molecules, two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen were taken out of the compounds and the remainder of the two compounds were added together, forming the alcohol and acid mixture. 

     We know from the color changing of the liquids that a chemical reaction was taking place in the test tubes. 

Graphs:

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the chemistry students were able to create new smells and transform organic acids and alcohols from putrid or medicinal to sweet. 

Discussion of Error: Errors in this lab could of occurred to errors such as heating liquids too long but also the perceptions of the different smells. 

Questions:
5.)

• C8H16O2
• C7H14O
• C9H18O
• C6H12O2

6.)

• Isopentyl Methanate
• Butyl Caproate
• Ethyl Salicate. 

Citations:

Acetic Acid. (N.d.). In: Center for Disease Control and Prevention: NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Retrieved from: www.cdc.gov.

Bowser. (2015). Create a Smell Ester Synthesis. [Lab worksheet]. Chemistry. Foxcroft School. Middleburg, VA.

Bowser. (2015). Making scents analyzing Ester synthesis.  [Lab worksheet]. Chemistry. Foxcroft School. Middleburg, VA.

Butryc Acid. (N.d.). In: Center for Disease Control and Prevention: NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Retrieved from: www.cdc.gov.

Carborundum Boiling Chips. (N.d.). In: GFS Chemicals: Material data safety sheet. Retrieved from: sds.gfschemicals.com/atn/CARBORUNDUM%20BOILING%20CHIPS%2c%2014%20MESH_Default_MSDS%20US.pdf

Ethyl Alcohol. (N.d.). In: Center for Disease Control and Prevention: NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Retrieved from: www.cdc.gov.

Stacy. Angelica. M. (2011). Chapter 2, section 6. Ladie Malek, Jeffrey Dowling. Living by Chemistry (168-171). Emeryville, CA. Key Curriculum Press.

Sulfuric Acid. (N.d.). In: Center for Disease Control and Prevention: NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Retrieved from: www.cdc.gov.

Caroline Magnani helped me with graphs section.

Carolina Wasinger
Chemistry I
Ms. Bowser
11/17/2015

Pre-lab

Purpose:

To create different smells within a lab experiment. 

Procedure:

1. Fill 50 mL beaker with 30 mL of water. 
2. Drop into the beaker, a boiling stone. 
3. Put the beaker on a hot plate and bring water to a boil.
4. Label test tubes with the following numbers: 1, 2 and 3
5. Using the wafting technique, smell the acids and record in a data table. Add 5 drops of the respective carboxylic acids to each of the test tubes. 
6. Again, using the wafting technique, smell the alcohols and record in the data table. Add ten drops of each alcohol to to each tube (look in the following table). 

Test tube:             Carboxylic Acid                Alcohol

1                             acetic acid                       isopentanol

2                             acetic acid                       butanol

3                             butyric acid                     ethanol

1. Add 1 drop of the sulfiric acid (H2SO4) to each test tube.
2. Place a boiling stone into each test tube. 
3. Carefully smell each compound by using the wafting technique. 
4. Slice a plastic pipette to a length that is shorter than that of the test tube. Put the pipette into the test tube so that the bulb somewhat seals off the test tube. 
5. Put the test tubes into boiling water n heat for 5 minutes, or until the compund no longer smells putrid. 
6. After, remove the test  tubes from the water and turn off the hot plate. 
7. Take the pipette out from the test tube. There should only be vapors in it. 
8. squeeze the pipette and waft the vapors, Record the smell on the data sheet.
9. Dispose properly of chemicals. 

Materials:

• 50 mL beaker
• Hot plate. 
• 3 microscale test tubes. 
• Boiling stones. 
• 3 plastic pipettes. 
• scissors 
• pencil 
• organic acids and alcohols ( Acetic Acid, Butyric Acid, concentrated Sulfiic acid, Ethanol, Isopentanol, Butanol.)

Safety:

Hot Plate; Hot plate can burn. Do not  directly touch the heated surface of the hot plate and use tongs to move items on and off the hot plate. 

Boiling Stones: Be sure to handle with tongs. Boiling stones can cause burns. 

Acetic Acid, can be erosive to the skin. Keep out of eyes and off skin and clothing. 

Butyric Acid, Is corrosive to skin, combustible and flammable. Keep away from open flames. 

Sulfiric Acid. Is corrosive to skin and can cause burns to skin. 

Ehanol: 

Carolina Wasinger
Ms. Bowser
11/2/2015

The Conductor has lost his train of thought...

Procedure:

• Test the conductivity of each of the substances when dry. 
• After that, put each of the substances in water and observe whether or not the substance dissolves. 
• If the substance dissolved in the water, test whether or not the water is conducting electricity. 

Materials:

-Conductivity tester. 

-Beakers to hold distilled water. 

-Distilled water. 

-Aluminum Foil. 

-Sucrose (sugar). 

-Sodium chloride (salt). 

-Silicon Dioxide (sand). 

-Paraffin (wax). 

-Ethanol. 

-Copper.

-Calcium Chloride. 

-Copper (II) Sulfate. 

Background:

   

             Whether or not an element conducts electricity is largely dependent on the type of bonding the atoms make with each-other. For instance, Network Convalent bonds tend to be extremely strong and very hard to break, The toughness of a diamond comes from this type of bond. 

             An Ionic bond is when the metal valence electrons move to the nonmetal atoms atoms. Molecular Covalent bonds occur when some atoms but not all share valence electrons. Metallic bonds occur when  the valence electrons are free to move throughout the substance

Hypothesis:

Substance:                            Conduct? Yes/No                       Dissolve? Yes/No

-Distilled water.                    No                                                Yes

-Aluminum Foil.                   Yes                                                No

-Sucrose (sugar).                    No                                                Yes

-Sodium chloride (salt).         No                                                Yes

-Silicon Dioxide (sand).        No                                                 No

-Paraffin (wax).                     No                                                 No

-Ethanol.                                No                                                 No

-Copper.                                Yes                                                 No

-Calcium Chloride.               No                                                  Yes

-Copper (II) Sulfate.             Yes                                                No


Actual Data:


Substance:                        Conduct? Yes/No             Dissolve? Yes/No           Conduct when Dissolved

-Distilled water.                    No                                          Yes                               No

-Aluminum Foil.                   Yes                                         No                                N/A

-Sucrose (sugar).                    No                                         Yes                               No

-Sodium chloride (salt).         No                                          Yes                              Yes

-Silicon Dioxide (sand).        No                                           No                               N/A

-Paraffin (wax).                     No                                            No                               N/A

-Ethanol.                                No                                           Yes                              No

-Copper.                                Yes                                           No                              N/A

-Calcium Chloride.               No                                            Yes                             Yes

-Copper (II) Sulfate.             Yes                                           Yes                              Yes

Analysis. 

For the experiment, the class used a conductivity tester to see whether of not a substance could be a conductor. If so, the class tested if the substance could dissolve in water. If the substance could dissolve in water, the class tested the substances' ability to conduct in water. 

5.) The substances that could light up the bulb were metals, copper, aluminium Both these substances were conductors. 

6.) The substances that did not light up the bulbs were not pure metals. 

The types of bonding predicted for each substance:

Ionic - Sodium Chloride, Copper (II) Sulfate, Calcium Chloride. 

Molecular Covalent-Water, Ethanol. 

Metallic-Aluminum and Copper. 

Network Covalent- Sucrose, Paraffin, Silicon Dioxide. 

The only substances that conducted electricity were in either the Ionic group or the Metallic group. The substances had to have contained metals in order to conduct. 

Discussion:

There were a few instances were the results of our group were different from those of other groups. This was largely due to (we suppose) the condition the conductivity testers were in. The Substances chosen to test would have to be carefully picked because if not, us students could possibly get electrocuted.

Conclusion:

For this lab, my hypotheses were mostly right.  I was wrong in some cases though: I did not predict that Ethanol would dissolve. I did not correctly predict that Copper (II) Sulfate would dissolve. The reasons for my incorrect decisions is mostly due to that I did not know what either of the substances were and I could therefore, not make a reasonable prediction. 

Questions:

1.) 

• Glass Water Bottle- Network Covalent. 
• Plastic binder-Network Covalent. 
• Metal Lamp-Metallic. 
• Thumb-tacks- Mettallic. 
• Orange Juice-Molecular Covalent. 
• Water-Molecular Covalent. 
• Salt- Ionic
• -Ionic 

2.) 

1. Copper Jewelry- Metallic. 
2. Glass Jewelry-Network Covalent. 
3. Jewelry made from rocks -Molecular Covalent. 
4. It is impossible to make jewelry from an Ionic compound because it would dissolve in water and be very brittle. 

Works Cited:

You Light Up My Life. Classifying Substances. Lesson 25 lab Packet. Handed out by; Lindsey Bowser. October 26th, 2015  Chemistry I. Period A. Foxcroft School. 

   

Carolina Wasinger
Chemistry I
9/30/2015

Out Of The Frying Pan And Into The Flame

With Partners Fabiana Byles and Sophie Horn

Procedure:

Light the Bunsen Burner for each station as follows:

1.Make sure the tube for the Bunsen Burner is hooked up to the gas and away from anything it could get caught on. 

2. Turn on the gas. After it is on, use the striker to create sparks which will then create a flame. 

3. Adjust the flame until it resembles to cones on top of each other, the first being a lighter blue color underneath a darker blue flame. 

4. Using the tongs, pick up one of the wooden sticks from the beaker of water (that should be labeled "clean" and place the tip in the substance that is being tested. 

5. After some of the substance is on the wooden stick, use the tongs to place the stick with substance over the flame. 

6. Record the observations that can be made. 

7. Turn off the Bunsen Burner and place the used stick in a second beaker of water labeled "used"

Hypothesis:
I think that the flame test must be used to determine the presence of elements in a compound. Certain elements present in a compound will give the flames distinctive colors.

Background:

Bohr was a physicist and came up with the Bohr theory in which he stated that high energy electrons can jump from their place in the orbit of an atom  but as the electron falls back down, it emits a colored wavelength. This is what we see during the flame test lab. The metal atoms are responsible for the particular color of a compound.

Materials:

1. Sodium Carbonate
2. Copper (II) Chloride
3. Strontium Chloride
4. Potassium Chloride
5. Sodium Chloride
6. Copper Nitrate
7. Sodium Nitrate
8. Strontium Nitrate
9. Copper
10. Copper (II) Sulfate
11. Potassium Nitrate
12. Pennies
13. Bunsen Burners.
14. Gas, to light the Bunsen burners with and a tube to carry the gas to the Bunsen burner.

Safety:

Wear goggles while performing the experiment

-Sodium Carbonate: Do not inhale as it can cause coughing a soreness of throat. Can cause redness in skin if coming into contact with.

-Copper (II) Chloride: Avoid contact with Copper (II) Chloride as it can cause irritation of the skin. Avoid inhaling the chemical. Inhalation can cause a burning sensation in the throat (N. A. Copper Chloride.).

-Strontium Chloride: Can cause damage to the respiratory tract if inhaled. Can be irritating if making direct contact with skin (N. A.Strontium Chloride.)

-Potassium Chloride: Is poisonous if ingested. Avoid direct contact with skin and lungs do not inhale as irritation can occur (N.A. Potassium Chloride).

-Sodium Chloride: Can possibly cause irritation of the skin, eyes and can cause irritation if inhaled (N.A. Material Safety Data Sheet: Sodium Chloride)..

-Copper Nitrate: Can cause severe irritation of the skin and eyes and can cause severe and very serious problems to the lungs if inhaled (N.A. Material Safety Data Sheet: Copper II Nitrate).

-Sodium Nitrate: Can be cause sever irritation if Sodium Nitrate comes into contact with eyes, skin and can be fatal if inhaled ( N.A. Material Safety Data Sheet: Sodium Nitrate. ) .

-Strontium Nitrate: Can potentially cause dermatitis and other skin irritation. Can cause severe  damage to the eye and is extremely harmful if inhaled (mostly mental) (N.A. Strontrium Nitrate).

-Copper: Can cause pain if ingested or inhaled. Can cause redness if in contact with skin or eyes (Centers for Disease and Control.).

-Copper (II) Sulfate: Can Cause sensitization and other irritations to the skin. Can be very harmful if coming into contact with the eyes. Extremely harmful if swallowed or inhaled (N.A.Material Safety Data Sheet: Copper II Sulfate).

-Potassium Nitrate: Is not highly dangerous to the skin. However, can cause eye problems and is dangerous if inhaled ( N.A. Material Safety Data Sheet: Potassium Nitrate).

Pennies: Virtually harmless. Do not swallow.

Data:


Orange Flame: Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Nitrate,

Green Flame: Copper (II) Chloride, Copper Nitrate, Copper, Copper (II) Sulfate, Pennies.

Red Flame: Strontium Chloride, Strontium Nitrate.

Lilac/ Light Pink: Potassium Chloride, Potassium Nitrate.


Analysis: 

1.) Among the groups,  I noticed that the color of the flame depends upon what the metal element in the compound is.

2.) Potassium Chloride would be a lilac to light pink color.

3.) The color of the flame depends upon which metal is present in the compound. For the compounds involve copper, all of the flames were green.


Conclusion:
The previously stated hypothesis was proved correct by the experiment. The color of the flame did depend upon what elements were present in the compound.

Discussion of Error:
Holding the wooden stick (that was holding the substance) over the flame and also avoiding lighting the wooden stick on fire was quite difficult. At first, we thought many of the compounds were orange but then our group realized the orange flame was just the wooden stick lighting on fire.

Questions:
1.) The flame is producing multiple colors of light but what the naked human eye can see is only the blend of these colors. So the green flame was actually many more colors than just green but we can only see the average of colors (green, in this case).

2.) The color varies on how far the electrons in the atom move out of place and when they return to their proper placement in the orbit. This determines what wavelength the electron will admit.

Citations:


Centers for Disease and Control. (July, 1 2014). Copper.  Retrieved From: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ipcsneng/neng0240.html

N.A. (2015). Copper Chloride. ESPI Metals. Retrieved from: http://www.espimetals.com/index.php/msds/536-copper-chloride

N.A. (2015). Strontium Chloride. ESPI Metals. Retrieved From:http://www.espimetals.com/index.php/msds/722-strontium-chloride

N.A. (2015). Potassium Chloride. ESPI Metals. Retrieved From: http://www.espimetals.com/index.php/msds/230-potassium-chloride

N.A. (2015). Strontium Nitrate. ESPI Metals. Retrieved From: http://www.espimetals.com/index.php/msds/724-strontium-nitrate

N.A. (8/14/2001). Material Safety Data Sheet: Sodium Chloride. Retrieved From: http://avogadro.chem.iastate.edu/MSDS/NaCl.htm

N.A. (8/14/2001). Material Safety Data Sheet: Copper II Nitrate. Retrieved From: http://avogadro.chem.iastate.edu/MSDS/Cu(NO3)2-2.5H2O.htm 

N.A. (8/14/2001). Material Safety Data Sheet: Sodium Nitrate. Retrieved From: 
http://avogadro.chem.iastate.edu/MSDS/NaNO3.htm

N.A. (8/14/2001) Material Safety Data Sheet: Copper II Sulfate. Retrieved From: http://avogadro.chem.iastate.edu/MSDS/CuSO4-5H2O.htm

N.A. (8/14/2001) Material Safety Data Sheet: Potassium Nitrate. Retrieved From: http://avogadro.chem.iastate.edu/MSDS/KNO3.htm

Joshua M. Paiz, Elizabeth Angeli, Jodi Wagner, Elena Lawrick, Kristen Moore, Michael Anderson, Lars Soderlund, Allen Brizee, Russell Keck (2015-03-27). Purdue Owl. Retrieved From: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/10/